Iran nuclear crisis

 BACKGROUND
Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, the United States withdraw diplomatic relations with Iran. Reza Fahlevi regime that pro-pressed from the U.S. government, and then transform Iran into a religious state, applying the teachings of Islam as the basis for the government and state administration. U.S. embassy closed in Teheranpun in force and were expelled from the land of Persia. Iran is an Islamic country that has undergone a transition from absolute monarchy to a republican system of government. At this time Iran has been able to develop nuclear technology and technological empowerment of uranium. Uranium is the fuel alternative to fossil fuels used to run nuclear technology. This is also supported by the resources of iran both natural resources and human resources. So that Iran feels it is appropriate that a country like Iran has the technology to meet its domestic energy needs.Conditions of post-Islamic Revolution and Iran-Iraq war for eight years which resulted in major damage to infrastructure iran, iran suspended the urgent needs related to electrical energy. development and reconstruction plan proposed nuclear program back in the reign of President Hashemi Rafsanjani, the urgent need for power supplies and rapid population growth can be considered as the main reasons for turning iran nuclear program kembali.21 In 1990 before the Cold War, Soviet Union start a dialogue with Iran regarding the possible completion of the development process of the unfinished Bushehr reactor as well as supply other equipment related to the reactor.The dialogue process is resumed after the Cold War was completed in January 1995, which officially declared the Federation of Russia will help Iran complete the Bushehr reactor development, and signed a cooperation agreement with Iran regarding the possible construction of three similar reactor in the same location. Since the signing of the cooperation agreement, the United States on an ongoing basis began to show strong resistance to the presence of the Bushehr reactor is feared to be used by Iran to facilitate the development of weapons of mass destruction.The problem is that Iran has always had international pressure caused the United States and its allies who fear the uranium enrichment program. Western countries fear Iran's uranium enrichment is not only used for nuclear fuel, but also used to make atomic bombs. But Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is often asserted that his country would not make a nuclear bomb. Although Iran is also under pressure, Iran's nuclear program continue to perform normally because the program is for civilian peace efforts and the use of which will be used as energy sources for electricity supply. On the other hand, the United States alone may possess nuclear weapons for military purposes. So it's not a good reason if the fear of the United States made reference to oppose or prevent Iran's nuclear technology development program. Before the victory of Islamic Revolution of Iran, the West supports the development of nuclear installations in Iran. However, after the victory of Islamic Revolution of Iran, the West would oppose the construction of such installations. On the other hand, the West established nuclear cooperation with other countries including India and Pakistan.Western countries often pose as supporters of scientific progress, human rights defenders, freedom and justice, it is the most commonly discriminate against the oppressed and the various nations of the world. Either one of these injustices can be seen in the fields of science and technology. Western countries always try to prevent developing nations from the progress of science and technology, with the intention that they are always dependent on the West. One of the science that is monopolized by Western countries and other states prohibit practical to have it is a peaceful nuclear technology. Nuclear technology has various uses in the field of civil, non-military. Today more than 16% of the world's electricity produced by coal-fired a nuclear-powered.

 In addition, nuclear also has a very supportive uses in medicine, including in the process of diagnosis and cure of several diseases.Nuclear energy is also very useful in industry, agriculture and food compliance. Lately, scientists have also discovered that with the help of nuclear power, the salt contained in salt water can be separated. This problem has a very important position, if it is seen that the world is currently being led to the crisis and lack of safe drinking water and qualify. Because it has a great variety of uses for this human welfare, then the developed countries trying to monopolize nuclear technology.Their main reason for that is the possibility of making an atomic bomb through the mastery of nuclear technology. If the reasons it can be justified, it should not be allowed any country trying to achieve and develop such technologies. State-nuclear weapon states also to be highly discriminatory against other countries. They address the steps that Iran with honesty and under strict pangawasan International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) engaged in the utilization of nuclear energy for science and peace, with hostility, and tried hard to stop Iran's move. However, some other countries, the line had been aligned with the political line of the United States and Europe, with ease and without any hindrance, even meraka get help and support from the West

IMPACT ON THE STATE OIL IMPORTER
9 percent of all global oil reserves of Iran is the country's second largest crude oil producer among other OPEC countries. Because oil has an important role for Iran as a key economic growth, the maintenance of oil and gas fields viable, exploration of new oil and gas fields and pipeline construction are the essential things.And to meet those needs, Iran needs foreign investment worth millions of dollars.

 Iran is where it lies the weakness of the target Ilsa. By prohibiting and restricting the involvement of U.S. companies in the oil industry in Iran, and prohibiting foreign companies outside the United States to be able to invest more than 20 million U.S. $, Ilsa policy directed to Iran did not get international aid in the development of its oil sector application of sanctions -the sanctions would not want to push Iran to develop a strategy of diversification of trade activity, looking for a new economic partner, and certainly reduce dependence on income from exports of U.S. foreign oil. policy with sanctions against Iran as contained in the Iran Libya Sanctions Act, or Ilsa, not fully get the full support of European countries. Ilsa is seen by the countries. One of the cases that occur areBecause of default, Iran was forced to stop selling oil to the two Greek companies. Both the Greek oil company was unable to make payments due to the crisis that led the country.Iran's decision to halt oil supplies to Greece are also increasingly negative impact on the country's financial crisis. Both the Greek oil companies are no longer supplied the oil is Hellenic Petroleum and Motor Oil Hellas. Cessation of Iran's oil supply is carried out is expected to further deepen the financial crisis in Greece.Oil prices have surged in recent months after Iran decided to halt oil exports to some European countries, in response to the oil embargo of the European Union (EU). Iran has reduced its oil exports to France and Britain in retaliation for the attitude of the West imposed sanctions on the oil industry in Iran.On 23 January, the EU foreign ministers approve sanctions against Iran. The sanctions include a ban on imports of Iranian oil, the freezing of assets of the Central Bank of Iran (CBI) and the ban on the sale of diamonds, gold and other precious metals to Tehran.EU sanctions intended to force Iran to halt its nuclear energy program. Western countries accuse the developed nuclear technology in Tehran threatens security. So far, Iran rejected the accusations, the reasons have been committed and signed the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

Knowledge Management

What is Knowledge Management?

There are numerous definitions of KM, quite literally scores of them. Indeed, Professor Michael Sutton [2008] of the Gore School of Business at Westminster College reported at the ICKM (International Conference on Knowledge Management) meeting in 2008 that he had assembled a library of more than 100 of them

A discipline that promotes an integrated approach to identifying, capturing, evaluating, retrieving, and sharing all of an enterprise’s information assets. These assets may include databases, documents, policies, procedures, and previously uncaptured expertise and experience in individual workers

Upon being asked at a cocktail party to define KnowledgeManagement, one may offer an apt
definition, comprised of primarily 3 distinct parts:

1) Classic Library and Information Science and Information Retrieval.
2) ICT, Information and Communication Technology.
3) HR,HumanRelations, changing the culture of the organization to facilitate knowledge sharing and use.

The  history and development of Knowledge Management

The appearance of the term “KnowledgeManagement” is a rather recent phenomenon. It appeared operationally only in the mid-1990s. The earliest print reference appears to have been used firstin the context  of library and information work. In the article entitled “Where Did Knowledge Management Come From” written in 1999, Prusak states that KMfirst appeared “about seven years ago,” i.e., in 1992, and describes a conference in Boston in 1993 as “a good milestone to mark the beginning of the knowledge management time-line” [Prusak, L., 1999]. 

The earliest instances of KM, as the term is understood today, derive from the consulting world, from which the principles of KMeventually spread to other disciplines.The consulting firms quickly realized the potential of the Intranet flavor of the Internet for linking together their own geographically dispersed knowledge based organizations. They then understood that the expertise they had gained was a product that could be sold to other organizations. That product needed a name, and the name chosen, or at least arrived at, was Knowledge Management. Another aspect of KM’s relationship to ICT is that KM emerged at approximately the same time as the cost of personal computers dropped to the degree that PC’s became cost effective and affordable desktop tools for the ordinary person.Today there are numerous voices critical of the name “Knowledge Management.” These objections arise from a perceived inadequacy of the term Knowledge Management, which detractors say lacks strong description while conflicting with the concept that one cannot inherently manage knowledge.

Intellectual capital develops and declines

The first blush of enthusiasm for Intellectual Capital centered on quantifying and measuring it [Edvinsson, L., 1994, Edvinsson and Malone, 1997b].Measuring such an ill-defined commodity as intellectual capital, however, proved to be difficult. Clearly, if it was so important, it needed to be measured. However, as the difficulty of measuring such an amorphous commodity as information, much less knowledge, became apparent to the business community, the enthusiasm for intellectual capital decreased, as evidenced by the reduced volume of related publications.

The Stages of Knowledge Management development

In observing the development of KMas practiced, described, and discussed at professionalmeetings,
conferences, and trade shows, one can observe three clear stages.

1. Stage One. The initial stage of KM was driven primarily by information technology, or IT. Organizations, particularly the large international consulting organizations, realized that their stock in trade was information and knowledge. These groups also realized that internal communication and information sharing was often lacking. If knowledge could be shared more effectively, then the efficiency would increase business and the bottom line would improve. When the internet emerged, they realized that the intranet flavor of the internet provided a valuable tool to accomplish knowledge coordination and sharing.The first stage ofKMfocused on the deployment of new technology to accomplish these information sharing goals
2. Stage Two. The second stage of KM can be described simply as adding the recognition of the importance of the human and cultural dimensions.The second stage might be described as the, ’if you build it they will come’ is a fallacy stage. In other words, the recognition that building KM systems alone is not sufficient and can easily lead to quick and embarrassing failure if human factors are not sufficiently taken into account.
3. Stage Three. The third stage was the awareness of the importance of content, and, in particular, an awareness of the importance of the retrievability and, therefore, of the importance of the arrangement, description, and structure of that content. Since a good alternate description for the second stage of KM is the “it’s no good if they don’t use it” stage, then in that vein, perhaps the best description for the new third stage is the “it’s no good if they can’t find it” stage, or perhaps “it’s no good if they try to use it, but can’t find it

Knowledge Management AS The extension of the succeful & Environment

The principles and practices of KM have developed in a very conducive environment, given that in this post-industrial information age, an increasingly larger proportion of the population consists of information workers. The role of the researcher, considered the quintessential information worker, has been studied in depth with a focus on identifying environmental aspects that lead to successful research

Background Bibliographic
Analysis

 Articles about KM were and are being published in the fields of computer science, information systems,management, engineering, communication, and library and information science. Ponzi’s research on knowledge management publications is deep and comprehensive, but limited in that his latest results are from 2001.The significance of the KMgrowth pattern becomesmuchmore apparent when one compares it with the pattern of other major business enthusiasms of recent years. Below (Figure 2.2) are the literature growth patterns of three of those major business enthusiasms.The difference is dramatic. Quality Circles, Business Process Engineering, and Total Quality Management all show an almost identical pattern of approximately five years of dramatic, exponential, growth, then they peak and fall off to near nothing almost as quickly. KM, by contrast, has that same period of five years of exponential growth, 1994 to 1999, but in the decade since it has not declined, rather it has continued to grow steadily and consistently. All the hallmarks are here of a rather permanent development.

Theorizing Knowledge in
Organizations

This chapter provides an overview of the development of research findings and theories related to
knowledge management.In order to better understand the notion of “managing” knowledge, there is a need to better understand what it is about knowledge flow in organizations that lends itself to any form of management.In the resource view, knowledge is conceptualized as an object that exists largely in formal documents or online artifacts amenable to organizing andmanipulation.The process view, on the other hand, largely emphasizes the emergent nature of knowledge that is often embedded within a person or within organizational routines, activities, and outcomes, or arises from the interplay of persons and existing information or knowledge.

Knowledge as recources and process

Through the resource perspective, organizations view knowledge as a fundamental resource in addition to the traditional resources of land, labor, and capital. It is held that the knowledge that the firm possesses is a source of sustainable competitive advantage, and is, accordingly, regarded as a strategic resource of the firm in need of management attention. In the course of innovation and production of goods and services, information and knowledge are regarded as central inputs to organizational processes. Learning and knowledge are then seen as direct outcomes of activities performed commensurate with the organization’s central mission and core competencies.

Interactions for knowledge creation

While knowledge itself may be perceived as a resource, its creation occurs through human interactions, whether physical or virtual. For example, for knowledge to emerge from within a group, interactions that occur among its members shape the knowledge that emerges from the mutual engagement and participation of the group members.Nonaka and Takeuchi [1995] in their seminal work have also alluded to knowledge creation as a process of socialization that is predicated on the need for direct social interactions. Nonaka and Takeuchi are the most prominent theorists in the knowledge management domain. Their SECI (Socialization, Externalization, Combination, Internalization) model posits aspiral-type process in which knowledge goes from within a person’s own knowledge store to a more explicit state that can be shared socially with others.

Activity as Context

instead of examining knowledge per se, Blackler, F. [1995] and others propose that attention should focus on systems through which knowing and doing are achieved. By suggesting an alternative stance of knowing as mediated, situated, provisional, pragmatic, and contested, as opposed to a more classic viewof knowledge as embodied, embrained, encultured, and encoded,Blackler recognizes that knowledge permeates activity systems within the organization.